DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)

DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)

DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)

DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)

DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate / Diisopropylammonium Dichloroacetate) is a synthetic metabolic regulator and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK) inhibitor engineered for cellular energetics and oxidative metabolism research. By inhibiting PDK enzymes, DADA maintains the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) complex in its active, unphosphorylated state, promoting glucose oxidation over anaerobic lactate formation while supporting microvascular perfusion.

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What is DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)?

DADA (known chemically as Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate, Diisopropylammonium Dichloroacetate, or DIPA-DCA) is an equimolar salt formulation combining diisopropylamine with dichloroacetic acid. Functioning as an inhibitor of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK), DADA prevents PDK-mediated phosphorylation and inactivation of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) multienzyme complex inside the mitochondrial matrix.

Batch-verified for high analytical purity at Modern Aminos, DADA is supplied in three standardized laboratory formats:

  • 20ML aqueous solution in a 20R (20ML) glass vial
  • 250MG dry-fill oral capsules (60 units per bottle)
  • 300MG/ML liquid solution in a 30ML amber glass bottle with a 1mL precision dropper

Laboratories investigating mitochondrial respiratory kinetics, lactate clearance, and microvascular hemodynamics utilize DADA alongside complementary metabolic reference standards available on the site, such as SLU-PP-332, BAM15, AICAR, and MOTS-C.

Chemical and Molecular Data for DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)

Compound Name DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)
Quantity / Formats Offered 20ML Aqueous Vial | 250MG Dry-Fill Capsules (60 Units) | 300MG/ML Liquid Dropper (30ML)
Synonyms / Alt Names Diisopropylammonium dichloroacetate, DIPA-DCA, DADA, Pangamic Acid Active Derivative
CAS Number 660-27-5
Chemical Formula C8H17Cl2NO2 (C6H15N · C2H2Cl2O2)
Molecular Weight 230.13 g/mol
IUPAC Name N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid
InChIKey FWJVIOLMHOXAMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES Code CC(C)[NH2+]C(C)C.C(C(=O)[O-])(Cl)Cl

What are the Mechanisms of Action?

The biochemical pathways and cellular targets of DADA in laboratory research include:

  • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK) Inhibition: The dichloroacetate moiety of DADA functions as a structural analog of pyruvate that competitively inhibits PDK isoforms (PDK1, PDK2, PDK3, PDK4). Blocking PDK activity prevents the inhibitory phosphorylation of the E1α subunit of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex.
  • Mitochondrial Glucose Oxidation & Lactate Suppression: By locking the PDH complex in its unphosphorylated, active state, DADA forces the conversion of glycolytic pyruvate into acetyl-CoA within the mitochondrial matrix. This promotes Krebs cycle glucose oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation while suppressing anaerobic pyruvate reduction to lactic acid.
  • Diisopropylamine Microvascular & Lipotropic Signaling: The diisopropylamine cation component acts as a peripheral vasodilator and lipotropic co-factor, supporting tissue perfusion and microvascular oxygen delivery in cell culture and tissue bath assays.

What do Preclinical & Academic Studies Show for DADA?

When evaluating research efficacy and published scientific literature for DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate):

  • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activation & Respiration (PMC): Landmark metabolic studies archived in PMC (PMC2732386) demonstrate that dichloroacetate derivatives reverse PDK-mediated PDH inhibition, restoring mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates and reducing cellular glycolytic flux.
  • Mitochondrial Bioenergetics & PDK Isoform Kinetics (ScienceDirect): Detailed biochemical assays published in ScienceDirect evaluate the kinetic affinity of dichloroacetate salts across PDK isoforms, confirming marked drops in intracellular lactate/pyruvate ratios in hypoxic cell models.
  • Chemical Directory & Structure Verification (PubChem): Official structural characterization maintained on PubChem verifies the 230.13 g/mol molecular weight, salt stoichiometry, and analytical retention profile of CAS 660-27-5.

How does DADA compare to other compounds?

To evaluate metabolic pathways, mitochondrial targets, and cellular respiration mechanics, researchers compare DADA against alternative metabolic reference compounds available at Modern Aminos:

Compound / Reference Primary Target Class Core Mechanism of Action Research Focus & Profile
DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK) Inhibitor / Vasodilator Salt Inhibits PDK to maintain PDH complex activation, driving mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation over lactate formation Focuses on glucose oxidation, lactate suppression, mitochondrial respiration, and microvascular perfusion assays
SLU-PP-332 Pan-ERR Nuclear Receptor Agonist Binds ERRα/β/γ to recruit PGC-1α and upregulate mitochondrial OXPHOS gene networks Focuses on nuclear receptor-driven mitochondrial biogenesis, exercise mimetics, and oxidative muscle fiber switching
BAM15 Mitochondrial Protonophore Uncoupler Depolarizes the inner mitochondrial membrane to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis Focuses on nutrient burning, resting metabolic rate elevation, and lipid oxidation without depolarizing plasma membranes
AICAR AMPK Metabolic Master Agonist Mimics AMP to directly activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) independent of cellular ATP levels Focuses on master metabolic switch activation, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial biogenesis signaling

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is Modern Aminos a reliable place to buy DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)?

Yes, Modern Aminos is a highly trusted vendor for high-purity research chemicals and metabolic reference compounds. Every batch of DADA undergoes strict third-party analytical testing (including HPLC and Mass Spectrometry) to verify minimum 98%+ purity, correct molecular weight (230.13 g/mol), and complete absence of unreacted synthesis precursors or heavy metals.

2. What is the molecular target and primary function of DADA (Diisopropylamine Dichloroacetate)?

DADA targets Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK) enzymes within the mitochondrial matrix. By inhibiting PDK, DADA prevents the inhibitory phosphorylation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, maintaining the enzyme in its active state to convert glycolytic pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.

3. How does PDK inhibition alter cellular glucose metabolism in vitro?

Inhibiting PDK forces cells to channel pyruvate into the Krebs cycle for aerobic oxidative phosphorylation rather than reducing pyruvate to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This increases oxygen consumption and significantly lowers extracellular lactate accumulation.

4. What role does the diisopropylamine moiety play alongside dichloroacetate?

Diisopropylamine serves as a lipotropic cationic counter-ion that enhances salt stability and cell membrane penetration. In tissue preparations, diisopropylamine exhibits microvascular vasodilatory properties that complement the metabolic actions of dichloroacetate.

5. What available formats does Modern Aminos offer for DADA research?

Modern Aminos supplies DADA in three standardized laboratory formats: a 20ML aqueous solution in an amber vial, 250MG dry-fill solid oral capsules (60 units per bottle), and a 300MG/ML liquid solution in a 30ML amber glass bottle with a 1mL precision dropper.

6. How does DADA compare to BAM15 or SLU-PP-332 in metabolic assays?

BAM15 is a mitochondrial protonophore that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, while SLU-PP-332 is a nuclear receptor agonist that upregulates metabolic gene transcription. DADA acts directly as an enzyme inhibitor (PDK) to restore pyruvate flux through the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex.

7. How does Modern Aminos verify the chemical identity and purity of DADA?

Modern Aminos utilizes High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to confirm active purity exceeding 99% and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to verify exact molecular weight (230.13 g/mol) and salt stoichiometry prior to batch release.

8. What are the proper storage protocols for DADA formulations?

Capsule containers, aqueous vials, and liquid dropper bottles should be kept tightly sealed in a cool, dry environment (15°C to 25°C) away from direct light, heat, and atmospheric moisture to maintain solid-state and pre-mixed stability.

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