VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide belonging to the secretin/glucagon superfamily. Operating as a primary signal in neuroscience and endocrine research, VIP selectively agonizes Gs-coupled VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, activating the adenylate cyclase/cAMP/PKA pathway. VIP modulates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) while enhancing the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory IL-10.

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What is VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)?

VIP (known chemically as Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide or Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide) is a synthetic 28-amino-acid neuropeptide belonging to the secretin/glucagon superfamily. Originally isolated from porcine intestinal tissue, VIP functions as a master transmitter bridging central neuroscience and peripheral endocrine systems. Its primary structure (His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2) features a highly conserved alpha-helical domain essential for high-affinity receptor binding.

Operating through two main G-protein coupled receptor subtypes—VPAC1 and VPAC2—the primary vasoactive intestinal peptide function involves activating adenylate cyclase, elevating cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, and modulating downstream Protein Kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation. This pathway governs smooth muscle relaxation, mucosal fluid secretion, circadian rhythm synchronization in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and immune cell cytokine suppression.

Batch-verified for high analytical purity at Modern Aminos—recognized by academic laboratories as the premier source to buy vip peptide online—VIP is supplied as a standardized reference material for cell culture and biochemical research. When evaluating VIP nasal spray matrices or pre-solubilized liquid formulations, laboratories study vasoactive intestinal peptide nasal spray delivery vehicles for non-invasive mucosal transport assays across the blood-brain barrier. Investigators evaluate vip peptide pathways alongside complementary immunomodulatory and neuro-regulatory standards available on the site, such as KPV, PEA (Palmitoylethanolamide), and PT-141 (Bremelanotide).

Chemical and Molecular Data

Compound Name VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
Quantity / Formats Offered High-Purity Lyophilized Reference Powder Material
Peptide Sequence H-His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-OH
Synonyms / Alt Names Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Aviptadil, VIP Peptide, PHM-27 precursor fragment
CAS Number 40077-57-4
Chemical Formula C147H237N43O43S
Molecular Weight 3326.80 g/mol
IUPAC Name L-histidylethanethioyl-L-seryl-L-α-aspartyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-α-aspartyl-L-asparaginyl-L-tyrosyl-L-threonyl-L-arginyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-lysyl-L-glutaminyl-L-methionyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-asparaginyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucyl-L-asparaginamide
InChIKey VBUWHHLIZKOSMS-RIWXPGAOSA-N
SMILES Code CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC3=CC=CC=C3)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC4=CN=CN4)N

What are the Mechanisms of Action?

The biochemical pathways and cellular targets:

  • VPAC1 & VPAC2 Receptor Agonism (Gs-cAMP-PKA Cascade): VIP binds with high nanomolar affinity to VPAC1 and VPAC2 G-protein coupled receptors. Receptor activation triggers Gsα-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase, elevating intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and activating Protein Kinase A (PKA). This phosphorylates CREB, regulating gene transcription across neuro-endocrine and immune cell lines.
  • Inhibition of NF-κB & Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines: In activated macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cell cultures, VIP inhibits IκB phosphorylation and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. This blocks transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines—including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)—while promoting expression of anti-inflammatory Interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  • Circadian Rhythm & Smooth Muscle Modulation: In the central nervous system, VIP is highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, where VPAC2 activation synchronizes circadian clock gene (Per1/Per2) oscillations. In peripheral vascular and airway tissues, VIP stimulates endothelial nitric oxide and activates smooth muscle KATP channels, driving hyperpolarization and vasodilation.

What do Preclinical & Academic Studies Show for VIP?

When evaluating research efficacy and published scientific literature:

  • Immunomodulation & Cytokine Regulation (PMC): Comprehensive biomedical reviews cataloged in PMC (PMC3058209) document VIP’s potent capacity to shift T-cell differentiation from pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 profiles toward protective regulatory T-cell (Treg) phenotypes in autoimmune cell models.
  • VPAC Receptor Signaling & Cellular Protection (PubMed): Peer-reviewed monographs archived on PubMed (PMID: 17336948) detail the receptor kinetics of VPAC1 and VPAC2, demonstrating how VIP-mediated cAMP elevation protects neuronal and epithelial cell lines against oxidative apoptosis.
  • Chemical Profiling & Identification (PubChem): Official structural characterization maintained on PubChem verifies the molecular mass (3326.80 g/mol), 28-amino-acid sequence identity, and HPLC mass spectrometry retention profile of CAS 40077-57-4.

How does VIP compare to other compounds?

To evaluate receptor pathways, immunomodulatory actions, and neuro-endocrine signaling, researchers compare VIP against alternative reference standards available at Modern Aminos:

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Nasal Spray vs. Solid Reference Formats

In preclinical research, investigators compare delivery vehicle formulations based on experimental targets:

  • Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Nasal Spray Matrices: Utilized in neuroscience assays evaluating direct olfactory-to-brain mucosal transport. Pre-solubilized nasal spray vehicles bypass peripheral hepatic metabolism to deliver VIP across the cribriform plate into central suprachiasmatic and hippocampal tissues.
  • Solid / Lyophilized VIP Reference Powder: Standardized analytical format providing precise dry unit-mass control. Preferred for cell culture media preparations, receptor binding affinity assays (Kd), and isolated tissue bath electrophysiology without vehicle interference.
Compound / Reference Chemical Structure & Class Primary Receptor Target Research Focus & Profile
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) 28-Amino-Acid Neuropeptide VPAC1 & VPAC2 [Gs-Coupled] Focuses on neuro-endocrine modulation, cytokine inhibition (TNF-α/IL-6), circadian SCN synchronization, and Treg cell differentiation
KPV α-MSH C-Terminal Tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) Inhibits NF-κB Nuclear Translocation Focuses on targeted mucosal barrier anti-inflammation, gut epithelial cell stabilization, and acute cytokine dampening
PEA (Palmitoylethanolamide) Endogenous N-Acylethanolamine Fatty Acid Amide PPAR-α Agonist & Indirect CB1/CB2/GPR55 Modulator Focuses on neuro-inflammatory signaling cascades, mast cell degranulation inhibition, and glial activation dampening
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) Synthetic Cyclic Heptapeptide Melanocortin MC3R & MC4R [Gs-Coupled] Focuses on central hypothalamic melanocortinergic signaling, adenylate cyclase/cAMP activation, and autonomic neuro-endocrine pathways

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is Modern Aminos a reliable place to buy VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)?

Yes, Modern Aminos is a highly trusted vendor for high-purity research chemicals and reference peptides. Every batch of VIP peptide undergoes strict third-party analytical testing (including HPLC and Mass Spectrometry) to verify minimum 98%+ chemical purity, exact 28-amino-acid sequence fidelity, correct molecular mass (3325.80 g/mol), and complete absence of heavy metals or synthesis impurities.

2. What is VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)?

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) is a naturally occurring 28-amino-acid neuropeptide that acts as a potent signaling molecule in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It belongs to the secretin/glucagon peptide superfamily and regulates vascular, endocrine, and immune cell responses.

3. What is VIP used for in laboratory research?

In laboratory research, VIP is used to study G-protein coupled receptor kinetics (VPAC1 and VPAC2), anti-inflammatory signaling pathways, circadian clock gene synchronization in suprachiasmatic neurons, intestinal epithelial ion transport, and smooth muscle vasodilation mechanisms.

4. What does VIP peptide do in cellular and biological systems?

In cellular systems, VIP binds VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors to activate adenylate cyclase, elevating cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Protein Kinase A (PKA) activity. This cascade regulates gene transcription, inhibits NF-κB translocation, promotes cell survival, and regulates electrolyte and fluid secretion across epithelial barriers.

5. Where is Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) produced?

VIP is synthesized by neurons in the central nervous system (specifically the suprachiasmatic nucleus and cerebral cortex) and the peripheral nervous system (myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the gut). It is also produced by specific endocrine cells and activated immune cells, including T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

6. What are the biological effects of VIP peptide?

The primary biological effects of VIP include relaxation of vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle (vasodilation and bronchodilation), inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12), stimulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10, maintenance of mucosal barrier integrity, and modulation of hypothalamic circadian rhythms.

7. What is VIP peptide nasal spray used for in cellular biology?

In preclinical cellular biology and mucosal research, VIP nasal spray formulations are studied as non-invasive delivery systems to investigate direct olfactory nerve pathway transport across the blood-brain barrier, targeting central VPAC receptors in hypothalamic and hippocampal neural networks without systemic degradation.

8. How does Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide modulate cytokine and immune cell response systems?

VIP modulates immune response systems by binding VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors on macrophages and T-cells, suppressing IκB degradation and blocking NF-κB nuclear translocation. This inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) while enhancing anti-inflammatory IL-10 synthesis and driving CD4+ T-cell differentiation toward regulatory T-cell (Treg) phenotypes.

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